一個呼吸的距離

參考網頁: https://www.aafp.org/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/all/allergic-rhinitis.html

Key Recommendations

• The diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (AR) should be made when history and physical findings are consistent with an allergic cause (e.g., clear rhinorrhea, pale discoloration of nasal mucosa, and red and watery eyes) and one or more of the following symptoms: nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy nose, or sneezing.

• Individuals with AR should be assessed for the presence of associated conditions such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, sleep-disordered breathing, conjunctivitis, rhinosinusitis, and otitis media.

• Specific IgE testing (blood or skin) should be performed for patients with a clinical diagnosis of AR who do not respond to empiric treatment, or when diagnosis is uncertain, or when determination of specific target allergen is needed.

• Sinonasal imaging should not routinely be performed in patients presenting with symptoms consistent with allergic rhinitis.

• Intranasal steroids should be prescribed for patients with AR whose symptoms affect quality of life.

• Oral second-generation/less sedating antihistamines should be prescribed for patients with AR and primary complaints of sneezing and itching.

• Intranasal antihistamines may be prescribed for patients with seasonal, perennial, or episodic AR.

• Oral leukotriene receptor antagonists should not be prescribed as primary therapy for patients with AR.

• Combination pharmacologic therapy may be prescribed for patients with AR who have inadequate response to monotherapy. The most effective combination therapy is an intranasal steroid and an intranasal antihistamine.

• Immunotherapy should be prescribed for patients with AR who have inadequate response to pharmacologic therapy.

• Avoidance of known allergens or environmental control may be considered in patients with AR who have identified allergens that correlate with their clinical symptoms.

• Inferior turbinate reduction may be considered for patients with AR with nasal airway obstruction and enlarged inferior turbinates who have failed medical management.

Ref: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0194599814561600

2015年外科paper